CASE-040 · Engineering case

Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination

Prepared the winery for centrifuge-based wine clarification through supplier evaluation, utility upgrades and trial infrastructure.

Why the Work Mattered

Purpose and Operating Need

The work was driven by process change cider vinegar formulation change, DE filtration bottlenecks, estimated annual filtration cost increasing (about 3.08 times the baseline, or a 208% increase), centrifuge supplier service-response issues, automation gaps, waste-disposal issues, high ownership cost, and vinegar-specific wear.

Engineering Approach

Coordinated and reviewed vendor/site centrifuge piloting at the facility, comparing the Brew 250 and three other centrifuge-supplier alternatives across throughput, solids removal, outlet clarity, automation, documentation, serviceability, reliability, and lifecycle cost; The operating target was 40 GPM with 20 to 30 NTU outlet clarity; Comparative centrifuge supplier trial evidence recorded 95% solids removal at 40 GPM and 83% at 50 GPM; During the Brew 250 work, the vendor identified a missing deaeration nozzle and temporarily fitted a larger nozzle while the specified small orifice was being obtained; outlet results remained 36 to 40 NTU, which the vendor interpreted as a dissolved-solids limitation on further turbidity reduction; The Brew 250 subsequently operated at 40 GPM near the established baseline, and the centrifuge AFE was approved with purchase order release authorized; Trial infrastructure included permanent electrical service, product/CIP/waste/feedwater/air hoses, CIP chemical equipment, and future 316L hard-piping scope.

Outcome & Engineering Context

Outcome and Context

Improved centrifuge trial readiness, supplier defensibility, and filtration modernization path.

Workstream Results & Impact

Workstream Portfolio Rollup

18,317,000 USD

Wine Clarification and Vinegar Polishing Modernization

Recorded workstream portfolio reference. This is the workstream-level value and is not a project expenditure or a new total of reassigned projects.

Measures & Operating Detail

Measure	Value	Type & meaning	Attribution & operating context
Centrifuge Throughput Target	40 GPM	Target Trial operating target	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination 40 GPM operating target
Outlet Clarity Target	20 to 30 NTU	Target Trial target	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination 20–30 NTU outlet target
Brew 250 Outlet Turbidity	36 to 40 NTU	Observation Trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination After temporary deaeration-nozzle correction — approximately 36–40 NTU observed after nozzle correction
Brew 250 Later Throughput	40 GPM	Observation Later trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination After nozzle correction — Brew 250 subsequently operated at 40 GPM near the established baseline; distinct from the earlier 20 GPM supplier-comparison limitation.
Flow	40 GPM	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded flow at 40 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Inline Inlet Turbidity	482.9 EBC	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded inline inlet turbidity at 40 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Inline Outlet Turbidity	17.3 EBC	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded inline outlet turbidity at 40 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Laboratory Inlet Turbidity	687 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded laboratory inlet turbidity at 40 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Benchtop Inlet Turbidity	661 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded desk benchtop inlet turbidity at 40 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Laboratory Outlet Turbidity	51.7 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded laboratory outlet turbidity at 40 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Benchtop Outlet Turbidity	46.6 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded desk benchtop outlet turbidity at 40 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Flow	30 GPM	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded flow at 30 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Inline Inlet Turbidity	490.4 EBC	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded inline inlet turbidity at 30 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Inline Outlet Turbidity	8.3 EBC	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded inline outlet turbidity at 30 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Laboratory Outlet Turbidity	44 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded laboratory outlet turbidity at 30 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Benchtop Outlet Turbidity	39.7 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded desk benchtop outlet turbidity at 30 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Flow	20 GPM	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded flow at 20 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Inline Inlet Turbidity	505.5 EBC	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded inline inlet turbidity at 20 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Inline Outlet Turbidity	5.3 EBC	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded inline outlet turbidity at 20 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Laboratory Outlet Turbidity	40.2 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded laboratory outlet turbidity at 20 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Benchtop Outlet Turbidity	36.5 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Recorded desk benchtop outlet turbidity at 20 GPM; inline EBC and benchtop NTU remain separate instrument observations.
Pre-Nozzle Inline Outlet Turbidity	52.2 EBC	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Vendor nozzle-comparison report;66% is the reported reduction, distinct from bench NTU values.
Post-Nozzle Inline Outlet Turbidity	17.3 EBC	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Vendor nozzle-comparison report;66% is the reported reduction, distinct from bench NTU values.
Reported Outlet-Solids Reduction	66 %	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Vendor nozzle-comparison report;66% is the reported reduction, distinct from bench NTU values.
Comparison Flow	40 GPM	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Vendor nozzle-comparison report;66% is the reported reduction, distinct from bench NTU values.
Additional Benchtop Spin Duration	10 min	Design Parameter Vendor benchtop comparison method	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Vendor sample comparison at 40 GPM; supports its interpretation of residual turbidity, not a universal separation guarantee.
Outlet-Sample Turbidity Before Additional Spin	46.6 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Vendor sample comparison at 40 GPM; supports its interpretation of residual turbidity, not a universal separation guarantee.
Outlet-Sample Turbidity After Additional Spin	38.2 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Vendor sample comparison at 40 GPM; supports its interpretation of residual turbidity, not a universal separation guarantee.
Earlier Steady-State Turbidity Baseline	15 to 20 NTU	Baseline Reported baseline	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Earlier reported baseline before recent fermentation changes.
Recent Fermentation Turbidity	38 NTU	Observation Reported batch context	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Reported turbidity after fermentation changes such as extra yeast to restart stalled batches.
Different Batches Filtered	2 batch	Scope or Inventory Quantity Trial context	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Only two materially different batches had been filtered in over a month, limiting trial comparability.
Laboratory Centrifuge Outlet Turbidity	17 to 20 NTU	Observation Laboratory comparison	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Separate startup assessment; do not merge with later 36–40 NTU fermentation conditions.
Field Centrifuge Outlet Turbidity at 25 GPM	21 to 28 NTU	Observation Field comparison	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Separate startup assessment; do not merge with later 36–40 NTU fermentation conditions.
Estimated Dissolved-Impurity Contribution	10 to 12 NTU	Estimate Engineering interpretation	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Separate startup assessment; do not merge with later 36–40 NTU fermentation conditions.
Existing Acetator Feed Turbidity	< 5 NTU	Baseline Reported feed baseline	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Existing feed reported below 5 NTU.
Field Centrifuge Flow	25 GPM	Observation Field comparison	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Flow for the separate 21–28 NTU field assessment.
Fermenter Volume	26,000 gal	Scenario or Model Result Operating model	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Operating-window sizing calculation, not a completed-batch performance result.
Available Filtration Window	17.5 h	Scenario or Model Result Operating model	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Operating-window sizing calculation, not a completed-batch performance result.
Modeled Filtration Flow	25 GPM	Scenario or Model Result Operating model	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Operating-window sizing calculation, not a completed-batch performance result.
Calculated Window Capacity	26,250 gal	Scenario or Model Result Operating model	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Operating-window sizing calculation, not a completed-batch performance result.
Minimum Comparison Flow Requirement	>= 25 GPM	Target Requirement	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination supplier comparison — Requested minimum throughput for the vendor comparison.
Higher-Turbidity Flow Alternative	40 to 50 GPM	Target Operating alternative	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination supplier comparison — Flow alternative discussed with higher outlet turbidity.
Annual Design-Load Scenario	approximately 5,000,000 gal/year	Design Parameter Design basis	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination centrifuge sizing — Approximate annual throughput used in one supplier-sizing scenario.
Weekly Product-Load Scenario 1	40,000 gal/week	Design Parameter Design basis	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination centrifuge sizing — One of three separately listed weekly product loads in the sizing discussion.
Weekly Product-Load Scenario 2	40,000 gal/week	Design Parameter Design basis	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination centrifuge sizing — One of three separately listed weekly product loads in the sizing discussion.
Weekly Product-Load Scenario 3	9,000 gal/week	Design Parameter Design basis	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination centrifuge sizing — One of three separately listed weekly product loads in the sizing discussion.
FY 25 Production Planning Question	8,600,000 gal/year	Unresolved Value Planning question	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination FY 25 discussion — Annual figure raised for confirmation in the later planning discussion.
Temporary Clarity-Focused Flow Alternative	15 to 20 GPM	Target Operating alternative	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination acetator acclimation review — Lower flow considered while checking solids removal and acetator response.
Fermenter Manifold to Pass-Through Hose Length	25 ft	Design Parameter Installation planning	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Temporary trial hose schedule — Fermenter manifold to pass-through.
Pass-Through to Feed-Pump Inlet Hose Length	15 ft	Design Parameter Installation planning	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Temporary trial hose schedule — Pass-through to feed-pump inlet.
Feed Pump to Centrifuge Hose Length	15 ft	Design Parameter Installation planning	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Temporary trial hose schedule — Feed pump to centrifuge.
Product Outlet to Storage Pipe Hose Length	10 ft	Design Parameter Installation planning	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Temporary trial hose schedule — Product outlet to storage pipe.
Waste-Hose Length	30 ft	Design Parameter Installation planning	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Temporary trial hose schedule — Waste hose.
CIP Tank to Pump Hose Length	20 ft	Design Parameter Installation planning	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Temporary trial hose schedule — CIP tank to pump.
Centrifuge to CIP-Tank Top Hose Length	30 ft	Design Parameter Installation planning	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Temporary trial hose schedule — Centrifuge to CIP-tank top.
CIP Tank Purchasing Alternative	100 gal	Equipment Rating Installation planning	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination site readiness — Tank purchase alternative if the existing larger poly tank was unavailable.
Engineering-Network Ethernet Route	100 to 200 ft	Design Parameter Installation planning	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination engineering network — Approximate route to the QA-lab master switch.
Additional Operator-Training Request	approximately 1 day	Target Schedule request	Applies to: Winery Centrifuge Trial Prep and Utility Coordination Supplier startup planning — Requested extra training duration subject to pricing.
Solids Removal	95 %	Observation Trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge Trial Performance, Documentation, and Supplier Tradeoff Analysis Centrifuge supplier comparative trial — 95% solids removal at 40 GPM
Trial Throughput	40 GPM	Observation Trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge Trial Performance, Documentation, and Supplier Tradeoff Analysis Centrifuge supplier comparative trial — 95% solids removal at 40 GPM
Solids Removal	83 %	Observation Trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge Trial Performance, Documentation, and Supplier Tradeoff Analysis Centrifuge supplier comparative trial — 83% at 50 GPM
Trial Throughput	50 GPM	Observation Trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge Trial Performance, Documentation, and Supplier Tradeoff Analysis Centrifuge supplier comparative trial — 83% at 50 GPM
Oil-Change Procedure Duration	10 min	Observation Vendor training record	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier startup, 2024-10-22 — Centrifuge supplier reported demonstrating the ten-minute oil-change process during operator training at the startup.
Flow	30 GPM	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Initial Apple Wine startup — Vendor-reported initial apple wine startup: flow.
Outlet Backpressure	150 psi	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Initial Apple Wine startup — Vendor-reported initial apple wine startup: outlet backpressure.
Flow	30 GPM	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — After inline-to-lab scaling — Vendor-reported after inline-to-lab scaling: flow.
Outlet Backpressure	100 psi	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — After inline-to-lab scaling — Vendor-reported after inline-to-lab scaling: outlet backpressure.
Outlet Turbidity	17 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — After inline-to-lab scaling — Vendor-reported after inline-to-lab scaling: outlet turbidity.
Flow	40 GPM	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Raised flow — Vendor-reported raised flow: flow.
Outlet Backpressure	100 psi	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Raised flow — Vendor-reported raised flow: outlet backpressure.
Outlet Turbidity	20 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Raised flow — Vendor-reported raised flow: outlet turbidity.
Flow	40 GPM	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Reduced outlet backpressure — Vendor-reported reduced outlet backpressure: flow.
Outlet Backpressure	75 psi	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Reduced outlet backpressure — Vendor-reported reduced outlet backpressure: outlet backpressure.
Outlet Turbidity	20 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Reduced outlet backpressure — Vendor-reported reduced outlet backpressure: outlet turbidity.
Flow	50 GPM	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Following-day repeated run — Vendor-reported following-day repeated run: flow.
Outlet Backpressure	100 psi	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Following-day repeated run — Vendor-reported following-day repeated run: outlet backpressure.
Outlet Turbidity	23 NTU	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Following-day repeated run — Vendor-reported following-day repeated run: outlet turbidity.
Stable Production Duration	approximately 5 h	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Vendor reported approximately five hours without production issues at the stated settings after the air adjustment.
Additional Air-Pressure Adjustment	5 psi	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Vendor increased supply air another 5 psi after a low-pressure alarm.
Solids Discharge Interval	4 to 5 min	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Vendor-reported discharge interval at 50 GPM; solids packing and post-rinse needs varied with flow.
Solids Discharge Interval	12 to 13 min	Observation Vendor trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Vendor-reported discharge interval at 40 GPM; solids packing and post-rinse needs varied with flow.
Automatic Recipe Flow	50 GPM	Operating Control Configured trial recipe	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Vendor-developed automatic recipe; 10 GPM was a slow overnight option with occasional checks recommended.
Automatic Recipe Flow	40 GPM	Operating Control Configured trial recipe	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Vendor-developed automatic recipe; 10 GPM was a slow overnight option with occasional checks recommended.
Automatic Recipe Flow	10 GPM	Operating Control Configured trial recipe	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier trial, 22–23 October 2024 — Vendor-developed automatic recipe; 10 GPM was a slow overnight option with occasional checks recommended.
Operator-Reported Flow	40 GPM	Observation Operator trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier operator report, 25 October 2024 — Operator report of the stated run; no reported issues during this 5,500 gallon observation.
Operator-Reported Outlet Turbidity	21 NTU	Observation Operator trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier operator report, 25 October 2024 — Operator report of the stated run; no reported issues during this 5,500 gallon observation.
Operator-Reported Processed Volume	5,500 gal	Observation Operator trial observation	Applies to: Centrifuge filtration recovery and equipment-relocation evaluation Centrifuge supplier operator report, 25 October 2024 — Operator report of the stated run; no reported issues during this 5,500 gallon observation.

Engineering scope and design basis

Supported filtration-throughput recovery evaluation, assessment of DE/bentonite dependency and waste exposure, and a defensible manufacturer decision.

Coordinated and reviewed vendor/site centrifuge piloting at the facility, comparing the Brew 250 and three other centrifuge-supplier alternatives across throughput, solids removal, outlet clarity, automation, documentation, serviceability, reliability, and lifecycle cost. The operating target was 40 GPM with 20 to 30 NTU outlet clarity. Comparative centrifuge supplier trial evidence recorded 95% solids removal at 40 GPM and 83% at 50 GPM. During the Brew 250 work, the vendor identified a missing deaeration nozzle and temporarily fitted a larger nozzle while the specified small orifice was being obtained; outlet results remained approximately 36 to 40 NTU, which the vendor interpreted as a dissolved-solids limitation on further turbidity reduction. The Brew 250 subsequently operated at 40 GPM near the established baseline, and the centrifuge AFE was approved with purchase order release authorized. Trial infrastructure included permanent electrical service, product/CIP/waste/feedwater/air hoses, CIP chemical equipment, and future 316L hard-piping scope.

Improved centrifuge selection and installation readiness by coordinating and evaluating vendor/site production piloting, the vendor's nozzle correction and approximately 36–40 NTU interpretation, 40 GPM operation near baseline, and the approved AFE and purchase-order release.

40 GPM operating target; 20–30 NTU outlet target; approximately 36–40 NTU observed after nozzle correction; centrifuge supplier 95% solids removal at 40 GPM and 83% at 50 GPM; AFE approved and purchase-order release authorized.

Coordinated plant utilities and sanitary connections and reviewed vendor/site production trials, the vendor's deaeration-nozzle correction and dissolved-solids interpretation. Compared throughput, automation, documentation, service, reliability and lifecycle cost.

Actions, Methods & Controls

ACTIVITIES IN CONTEXT